European monarchies and city-states have long attracted researchers’ attention. Conversely, this study teaches us how federation-states legitimised their authority by focussing on providing good governance, order, and safety.<br/><br/>A state’s survival highly depended upon legitimised, good governance with regulations to protect the community from real or imaginary harm. Influential research from the 19th century has led tot he belief that Europe’s power-play was mainly ‘a game of thrones’ with top-down policy-enforcement. This historical-representation has been questioned since the 1950s, though still with a monarchical-focus. To address the omission ‘veteran’ Swiss Republic and the ‘new-born’ Dutch Republic are used to provide a historical analysis on the establishment of order within federations (‘republics’). Hence, this study focusses on:<br/><br/>the regulation of order between 1576-1701 – amidst tumultuous dynastic warfare throughout Europe;<br/>the legitimacy-debates between federation↔state↔city;<br/>a trilateral international comparison: Holland (Dordrecht), Gelderland (Doesburg) and Berne (Aarau)<br/>This extensive study focusses on the origins of governance, and state- and nation-building within federation-states (provinces/ cantons). Studying long-term developments, comparing the three states to each other and testing it against existing research on principalities and city-states, this study:<br/><br/>contributes to the understanding of the interconnectedness between various administrative levels within federations;<br/>sheds light on governmental legitimisation-debates;<br/>provides political scientists with a case study of unique historical depth, increasing our understanding of policy and regulations by improving the communication of legitimacy.<br/>Interestingly, consensus did not always go unruffled due to clashing interests and old privileges. To understand the origin of governance, long-standing non-monarchical states, and their legitimisation during the early-modern period needs to be studied.