A component of the polityIV measure. The Female Life expectancy dataset comprises information on number of years of life expectancy among women in different world countries for the period 1750-2000. Data has been gathered and organized in 50-years intervals for the period 1750-1800 and in 10-years intervals for the period 1800-2000, using as geographical reference the current list of existing world countries. Barro and Lee (2010) provide data on educational attainment disaggregated by age groups over 15 and by sex. The information on average years of education has been used to evaluate the progress that has been made in the second half of the 20th century in closing the gender gap regarding education. Their data and detailed information regarding their dataset can be accessed at: http://www.barrolee.com/Aluminum is the second most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust after silicon, yet it is a comparatively new industrial metal that has been produced in commercial quantities for just over 100 years. It weighs about one-third as much as steel or copper; is malleable, ductile, and easily machined and cast; and has excellent corrosion resistance and durability. Measured either in quantity or value, aluminum's use exceeds that of any other metal except iron, and it is important in virtually all segments of the world economy. Some of the many uses for aluminum are in transportation (automobiles, airplanes, trucks, railcars, marine vessels, etc.), packaging (cans, foil, etc.), construction (windows, doors, siding, etc), consumer durables (appliances, cooking utensils, etc.), electrical transmission lines, machinery, and many other applications. (..)Armed conflicts (internal) 1 if there was an internal conflict in a given year in a given area, 0 otherwiseArmed conflicts (external or international). The 1 if a country participated in an armed conflict with another country in a given year, or if two or more distinct historical states/tribes had a conflict in a region classified now as a single country , 0 otherwiseThe Average years of education in the total population aged 15 years and older is given for the period 1870-2010. Bauxite is a naturally occurring, heterogeneous material composed primarily of one or more aluminum hydroxide minerals, plus various mixtures of silica, iron oxide, titania, aluminosilicate, and other impurities in minor or trace amounts. The principal aluminum hydroxide minerals found in varying proportions with bauxites are gibbsite and the polymorphs boehmite and diaspore. Bauxites are typically classified according to their intended commercial application: abrasive, cement, chemical, metallurgical, refractory, etc. The bulk of world bauxite production (approximately 85%) is used as feed for the manufacture of alumina via a wet chemical caustic leach method commonly known as the Bayer process. Subsequently, the majority of the resulting alumina produced from this refining process is in turn employed as the feedstock for the production of aluminum metal by the electrolytic reduction of alumina in a molten bath of natural or synthetic cryolite (Na3AlF6), the Hall-Héroult process.This dataset is based on the GLOBIO3 approach, represented by the Mean Species Abundance (MSA) indicator. Due to historical data availability only a selective set of pressures (cropland and grazing) is included here. This dataset therefore gives an overestimation of remaining biodiversity or naturalness, as compared to other studies in which the GLOBIO approach was used for the more recent time periods, e.g. Environmental Data Compendium (http://www.compendiumvoordeleefomgeving.nl/) and the Global Biodiversity Outlook4 (https://www.cbd.int/gbo4/. GLOBIO3 is built on a set of equations linking environmental drivers and biodiversity impact (cause–effect relationships). Cause–effect relationships are derived from available literature using meta-analyses. GLOBIO3 describes biodiversity as the remaining mean species abundance (MSA) of original species, relative to their abundance in pristine or primary vegetation, which are assumed to be not disturbed by human activities for a prolonged period. MSA is similar to the Biodiversity Integrity Index (Majer and Beeston 1996) and the Biodiversity Intactness Index (Scholes and Biggs 2005) and can be considered as a proxy for the CBD indicator on trends in species abundance (UNEP 2004). The main difference between MSA and BII is that every hectare is given equal weight in MSA, whereas BII gives more weight to species rich areas. MSA is also similar to the Living Planet Index (Loh and others 2005), which compares changes in populations to a 1970 baseline, rather than to primary vegetation. It should be emphasized that MSA does not completely cover the complex biodiversity concept, and complementary indicators should be included, when used in extensive biodiversity assessments (Faith and others 2008).
The output of GLOBIO is expressed here as MSA, an indicator of naturalness or biodiversity intactness. It is defined as the mean abundance of original species relative to their abundance in undisturbed ecosystems. An area with an MSA of 100% means a biodiversity that is similar to the natural situation. An MSA of 0% means a completely destructed ecosystem, with no original species remaining. Global environmental drivers of biodiversity change are input for GLOBIO3. In this particular case, a simplified method is used since not all required drivers are available for the historical period. Therefore, only historical land use changes are the main driver here. Long term historical expansion of cropland, pasture (land used for grazing livestock, intensive and extensive) and built-up area (urban sprawl, growth of cities and towns) are taken from the HYDE 3.1 database (Klein Goldewijk et al. 2011). GLOBIO3 calculates the overall MSAi value by substracting the individual MSAX maps from the potential maximum available grid cell land area (and dividing with it so a fraction is obtained): MSAi,t = (Gareai – 0.7* Croplandi,t – 0.3 *Pasturei,t – 0.95 * Built-upi,t)/Gareai where i is a grid cell, t is (historical) time step, MSAi is the overall value for grid cell i, Gareai is the total available land area of grid cell i. Cropland, Pasture and Built-up are the corresponding historical land use areas at time step t. The multipliers are derived from expert judgment, indicating a very high negative impact on biodiversity (0.95), a severe impact (0.7) and a modest impact (0.3).This dataset comprises information on the number of new book titles published per year per million inhabitants in a given country for the period 1500-2010. Data has been gathered and organized in 1-year intervals, using as geographical reference the current list of existing world countries. A more elaborate list of sources can be found in the paper accompanying this dataset.The original source for carbon dioxide emissions are the estimates of the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (CDIAC; Marland et al, 2004). Global, regional, and national annual estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring have been calculated, some as far back as 1751 and extrapolated back to 1500. These estimates, derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations, were calculated using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). Cement production estimates from the U.S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration, Rotty (1974), and with a few national estimates provided by G. Marland. Timeseries are regularly updated till current time, see also the Global Carbon Project (http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/)Estimates of cattle per capita based on historical data combined with modelling.A component of the polityIV measure. The composite measure of wellbeing is a linear combination of the 9 variables created through a latent variable model. In the Bayesian implementation of the latent variable model, missing data is handled by the model. This provides estimates even for countries for which there is very little information.Copper is usually found in nature in association with sulfur. Pure copper metal is generally produced from a multistage process, beginning with the mining and concentrating of low-grade ores containing copper sulfide minerals, and followed by smelting and electrolytic refining to produce a pure copper cathode. An increasing share of copper is produced from acid leaching of oxidized ores. Copper is one of the oldest metals ever used and has been one of the important materials in the development of civilization. Because of its properties, singularly or in combination, of high ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity, and its resistance to corrosion, copper has become a major industrial metal, ranking third after iron and aluminum in terms of quantities consumed. Electrical uses of copper, including power transmission and generation, building wiring, telecommunication, and electrical and electronic products, account for about three quarters of total copper use. Building construction is the single largest market, followed by electronics and electronic products, transportation, industrial machinery, and consumer and general products. Copper byproducts from manufacturing and obsolete copper products are readily recycled and contribute significantly to copper supply.Cropland occupied roughly less than 1% of the global ice-free land area for a long time period until 1000 A.D., quite similar like the area used for pasture. In the centuries that followed the share of global cropland increased to 2% in 1700 A.D. (ca. 3 million km2), and 11% in 2000 A.D.(15 million km2), while the share of pasture area grew from 2% in 1700 A.D. to 24% in 2000 A.D. (34 million km2) These profound land use changes have had, and will continue to have quite considerable consequences for global biogeochemical cycles and subsequently global climate change.
Some researchers suggest that mankind has shifted from living in the Holocene (~emergence of agriculture) into the Anthropocene (~humans capable of changing the Earth’ atmosphere) since the start of the Industrial Revolution. But in the light of the sheer size and magnitude of some historical land use changes (e.g. as result of the depopulation of Europe due to the Black Plague in the 14th century and the aftermath of the colonization of the Americas in the 16th century), we believe that this point might have occurred earlier in time. While there are still many uncertainties and gaps in our knowledge about the importance of land use (change) in the global biogeochemical cycle, we hope that this database can help global (climate) change modelers to close parts of this gap.
The Gini of the spread of education in the total population aged 15 years and older is given for the period 1850-2010 (the time period varies by country). Exchange rates to 1 unit of currency of UK (yearly averages).Exchange rates to one unit of currency of the US (yearly averages).A component of the polityIV measure. The Maddison Project, initiated in March 2010 by a group of close colleagues of Angus Maddison, aims to develop an effective way of cooperation between scholars to continue Maddison’s work on measuring economic performance in the world economy. This paper is a first product of the project. Its goal is to inventory recent research on historical national accounts, to briefly discuss some of the problems related to these historical statistics and to extend and where necessary revise the estimates published by Maddison in his recent overviews (2001; 2003; 2007) (also made available on his website at http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm). Whether women have equal rights to inherit as men serves can serve as an indication of their legal standing and general and is also and important determinant of their economic position in itself, specifically whether they are able to accumulate wealth. Inheritance practices of ethnic groups from the Ethnographic Atlas were used to reconstruct inheritance practices at the country level for c. 1920 and the World Bank’s 50 Years of Women's Legal Rights was used for data on the inheritance in 1960, 1980, and 2000.Gender equality of numeracy is defined as ((whipple index women-whipple index men)/whipple index men)*100Estimation of goats per capita based on historical sources and modelling.Gold has been treasured since ancient times for its beauty and permanence. Most of the gold that is fabricated today goes into the manufacture of jewelry. However, because of its superior electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion and other desirable combinations of physical and chemical properties, gold also emerged in the late 20th century as an essential industrial metal. Gold performs critical functions in computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines, and a host of other products. Although gold is important to industry and the arts, it also retains a unique status among all commodities as a long-term store of value. Until recent times, it was considered essentially a monetary metal, and most of the bullion produced each year went into the vaults of government treasuries or central banks.A binary variable denoting if a country in a particular year had a gold standard or not.This variable contains anthropometric information which can be used as an indicator for human health and welfare in 165 countries spanning the period 1810-1989, and a smaller number of countries 1500-1800 This variable contains anthropometric information which can be used as a proxy for the inequality of human health and welfare in 119 countries spanning the period 1810-1989, although for most countries only a few birth decades are documented. The data set was created to provide a first attempt to measure inequality, it should be mentioned as a caveat that many individual countries cannot be measured without a substantial amount of measurement error. The tendencies of anthropometric inequality by world region (in which country-specific measurement error tends to average out) is probably informative.The composite index aims to evaluate countries’ performances regarding the progress they made in closing the gender gap in the fields of health, socio-economic resources, politics and household since 1950. The World Countries Homicide rate dataset comprises information on the numbers of deaths classified as homicide per 100.000 inhabitants per each country for the period 1800-2000. Data has been gathered and organized in 1-year intervals, using as geographical reference the current list of existing world countries. gross household income gini is given for benchmark years for the period 1820-2000. Infant mortality was large component of overall mortailtiy, because children in their first year of life are particularly vulnerable. Moreover, the variable can serve as an indicator of the disease environment, when it comes to assessing the proximate determinants of height.Inflation, annual percentage changeIron is the world's most commonly used metal - steel, of which iron ore is the key ingredient, representing almost 95% of all metal used per year. It is used primarily in structural engineering applications and in maritime purposes, automobiles, and general industrial applications (machinery).
Prior to the industrial revolution, most iron was obtained from widely available goethite or bog ore. Prehistoric societies used laterite as a source of iron ore. Historically, much of the iron ore utilized by industrialized societies has been mined from predominantly hematite deposits with grades of around 70% Fe. These deposits are commonly referred to as "direct shipping ores" or "natural ores". Increasing iron ore demand, coupled with the depletion of high-grade hematite ores in the United States, after World War II led to development of lower-grade iron ore sources, principally the utilization of magnetite and taconite.
At present, mining iron ore is a high volume low margin business, as the value of iron is significantly lower than base metals. It is highly capital intensive, and requires significant investment in infrastructure such as rail in order to transport the ore from the mine to a freight ship. For these reasons, iron ore production is concentrated in the hands of a few major players.
The building labourers’ real wage is given annually for the period 1850-2010. The latent democracy variable extracted from five components of the PoltiyIV (XRCOMP, XROPEN, XCONST, PARCOMP, PARREG) and two components of Vanhanen’s Index of Demcoracy (participation and competition)Lead is a very corrosion-resistant, dense, ductile, and malleable blue-gray metal that has been used for at least 5,000 years. Early uses of lead included building materials, pigments for glazing ceramics, and pipes for transporting water. The castles and cathedrals of Europe contain considerable quantities of lead in decorative fixtures, roofs, pipes, and windows. Prior to the early 1900s, uses of lead in the United States were primarily for ammunition, brass, burial vault liners, ceramic glazes, leaded glass and crystal, paints or other protective coatings, pewter, and water lines and pipes. The advent of the electrical age and communications, which were accelerated by technological developments in World War I, resulted in the addition of bearing metals, cable covering, caulking lead, solders, and type metal to the list of lead uses. With the growth in production of public and private motorized vehicles and the associated use of starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) lead-acid storage batteries and terne metal for gas tanks after World War I, demand for lead increased. Most of these uses for lead continued to increase with the growth in population and the national economy. Contributing to the increase in demand for lead was the use of lead as radiation shielding in medical analysis and video display equipment and as an additive in gasoline.
By the mid-1980s, a significant shift in lead end-use patterns had taken place. Much of this shift was a result of the U.S. lead consumers compliance with environmental regulations that significantly reduced or eliminated the use of lead in nonbattery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems. More recently, as the use of lead in nonbattery products has continued to decline, the demand for lead in SLI-type batteries has continued to grow. In addition, the demand for lead in non-SLI battery applications also has continued to grow. Non-SLI battery applications include motive sources of power for industrial forklifts, airport ground equipment, mining equipment, and a variety of nonroad utility vehicles, as well as stationary sources of power in uninterruptible electric power systems for hospitals, computer and telecommunications networks, and load-leveling equipment for electric utility companies. By the early 2000s, the total demand for lead in all types of lead-acid storage batteries represented 88% of apparent U.S. lead consumption. Other significant uses included ammunition (3%), oxides in glass and ceramics (3%), casting metals (2%), and sheet lead (1%). The remainder was consumed in solders, bearing metals, brass and bronze billets, covering for cable, caulking lead, and extruded products.
This dataset provides Period Life Expectancy at birth per country and year. The overall aim of the dataset is to cover the entire world for the period 1500-2000. Long-term government bond yield. The Male Life Expectancy dataset comprises information on total population per each country for the period 1750-2000. Data has been gathered and organized in 50-years intervals for the period 1750-1800 and in 10-years intervals for the period 1800-2000, using as geographical reference the current list of existing world countries.
range
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