From about 1580 on, the city of Amsterdam became increasingly prosperous. Trade, industry and population grew rapidly. This led to four city extensions. First Amsterdam's famous canals were built in a semi-circle around the old inner city. In 1657 the fourth extension was begun. This was the section from Leidsegracht to the islands such as Wittenburg built in the river IJ. In the picture, the Maid of Amsterdam is holding a map of the city as it was in 1662, showing the districts that were yet to be built. She is surrounded by the figures of gods and personifications referring to the eminence of Amsterdam. Standing upon a shell and surrounded by sea creatures, a figure representing Abundance supports a large quantity of fruits. To the left the sea god Neptune rises from the waters. At the extreme right sits Mercury, god of Commerce, and beside him is the figure of a woman holding an hour-glass and an apple (think of Eve!). These are to be seen as warnings about the fleeting nature of time, and the dangers of a sinful life. The Maid of Amsterdam looks up at the father god Jupiter and his wife Juno, who will protect the city of Amsterdam. Above, the figure of Fame broadcasts the glory of Amsterdam to all corners of the globe. In the oeuvre of Nicolaes Berchem this Allegory on the Expansion of the City of Amsterdam forms an exception. He mostly painted Italianate landscapes. Berchem came from Haarlem and is mentioned as being in Amsterdam in 1660 and in 1677.